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HomeMy WebLinkAboutOrdinance 12551ORDINANCE NO. ~~~~ J AN ORDINANCE AMENDING CHAPTER 22, "MOTOR VEHICLES AND TRAFFIC", OF THE CODE OF THE CITY OF FORT WORTH, TEXAS (1986), AS AMENDED, BY ADDING A NEW SECTION 22-249, "BICYCLE HELMETS", CONTAINING PROVISIONS REQUIRING THE USE OF BICYCLE HELMETS BY CHILDREN UNDER EIGHTEEN YEARS OF AGE; ESTABLISHING REQUIREMENTS FOR BICYCLE DEALERS CONCERNING BICYCLE HELMETS; DECLARING CERTAIN CONDUCT TO BE UNLAWFUL AND PROVIDING A PENALTY THEREFOR; ESTABLISH- ING A BICYCLE HELMET FUND; PROVIDING A SEVERABILITY CLAUSE; PROVIDING FOR PUBLICATION IN THE OFFICIAL NEWSPAPER; AND PROVIDING AN EFFECTIVE DATE. WHEREAS, it is the intent of the City Council, in adopting this ordinance, to encourage and promote bicycle safety through the use of helmets and through the promotion of educational efforts relating thereto; and WHEREAS, it is the desire of the City Council that this ordinance not be used in any manner to prejudice any child or parent in any civil action arising out of a bicycle accident; and WHEREAS, the City Council approves the standards for bicycle headgear promulgated by the American National Standards Institute ("ANSI"), the American Society for Testing and Materials, and the Snell Memorial Foundation; NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT ORDAINED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF FORT WORTH, TEXAS: SECTION 1. That Chapter 22, "Motor Vehicles and Traffic", of the Code of the City of Fort Worth, Texas (1986), as amended, is hereby further amended by adding the following new Section: "See. 22-249. Bicycle Helmets. (a) Definitions. In this Section, the following words and terms shall have the meanings ascribed to them in this Section, unless the context of their usage clearly indicates another meaning: -1- Bicycle means a human powered vehicle with two wheels in tandem designed to transport by a pedaling action a person seated on a seat. Child means any person under eighteen years of age. Dealer means any commercial establishment that sells at retail or rents new or used bicycles, whether as its principal business activity or in connection with the selling or renting of other merchandise, or the providing of services, from a place of business within the City. Helmet means properly fitted headgear that is not structurally damaged and that conforms to the standards of the American National Standards Institute, the American Society for Testing and Materials, the Snell Memorial Foundation or any federal agency having regulatory jurisdiction over bicycle helmets, as applicable, at the time of the manufacture of the helmet. Parent means the natural or adoptive parent or court-appointed guardian or conservator of a child. Public Way means any property that is publicly owned or maintained, including, but not limited to, a street or highway, a publicly maintained trail, or a public parks facility. Wearing a Helmet means that the person has a helmet fastened securely to his/her head with the straps of the helmet securely tightened. (b) Helmet Required. (1) It is unlawful for any child to operate or ride upon a bicycle or any side car, trailer, child carrier, seat or other device attached to a bicycle unless the child is wearing a helmet. (2) It is unlawful for a parent to allow or permit a child to operate or ride a bicycle or any side car, trailer, child carrier, seat or other device attached to a bicycle unless the child is wearing a helmet. (3) It is a defense to prosecution that the bicycle was not being operated upon a public way at the time of the alleged offense. -2- (4) It is an affirmative defense to prosecution under this Section, upon first offense only, that the person owns or has acquired a helmet prior to the court hearing and promises the court that the helmet will be used in the future. (c) Sale or Lease (1) It shall be unlawful for any dealer to sell a bicycle, bicycle side car, trailer or child carrier without providing a written statement to the purchaser advising of the teams of this Section. The statement shall be in a form promulgated by the Chief of Police. Upon request, the Chief of Police shall provide a sample of the required form to a dealer. However, printing of distribution copies shall be at the dealer's expense. (2) It shall be unlawful for any dealer to rent a bicycle to any person without providing a helmet for the use of each child who will operate or ride upon the bicycle or determining that each child who will operate or ride upon the bicycle has a helmet available. (d) Penalty (1) Any person who violates any provision of this Section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be fined an amount not exceeding $50 upon first conviction and an amount not exceeding $100 upon the second and each subsequent conviction. (2) The purpose of this Section is to promote bicycle safety by encouraging the use of helmets. In keeping with that purpose, the municipal courts are urged to consider the following: (i) The courts may consider deferred dispositions under Article 45.54 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure whenever the circumstances warrant deferred dispositions. Conditions of the deferral may include that the defendant, if financially able, has obtained a helmet and has agreed to make a contribution in support of the bicycle helmet fund. (ii) The courts may consider referrals to a teen court ,program under Article 45.55 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure whenever the circumstances warrant such referrals. -3- (e) Bicycle Helmet Fund (1) The bicycle helmet fund is hereby created. The fund shall accept donations of helmets and money to be used for the purchase of helmets. All monetary gifts to the fund shall be deposited in the City treasury. (2) The fund shall be used exclusively for the purpose of providing bicycle helmets for the use of children who are members of 'very low income families' as defined in Titles. 24 Code of Federal Regulations, Section 813.102, as computed for the City for purposes of Section 8 of the United States Housing Act of 1937. The Director of the Parks and Community Services Department shall administer the fund and shall promulgate rules and procedures for the distribution of helmets. Helmets shall be provided on a first-come first-served basis to the extent of available supply." SECTION 2. The City Council hereby approves the bicycle helmet standards promulgated by the American National Standards Institute, the American Society for Testing and Materials, and the Snell Memorial Foundation that are attached to this Ordinance, marked Exhibit "A" and made a part hereof, and directs that the same be kept on file in the Office of the City Secretary. SECTION 3. Pending the effective date of this ordinance, peace officers of the City may issue a warning notice to any child who is operating or riding upon a bicycle without a helmet to advise him/ her of the terms and effective date of this ordinance. SECTION 4. This ordinance shall be cumulative of all provisions of ordinances and. of the Code of the City of Fort Worth, Texas (1986), as amended, except where the provisions of this ordinance are in direct conflict with the provisions of such ordinances and such Code, in which event conflicting provisions of such ordinances and such Code are hereby repealed. SECTION 5. It is hereby declared to be the intention of the City Council that the phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs or sections of this ordinance shall be declared unconstitutional by the valid judgment or decree of any court of competent jurisdiction, such -4- unconstitutionality shall not affect any of the remaining phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs and sections of this ordinance, since the same would have been enacted by the City Council without the incorporation in this ordinance of any such unconstitutional phrase, clause, sentence, paragraph or section. r SECTION 6. This ordinance shall take effect on Sc'~~ ~cr is , 1996. SECTION 7. The City Secretary is hereby directed to publish the caption and Sections 1 and 6 of this ordinance for two ( 2 ) days in the official newspaper of the City of Fort Worth, Texas, as authorized by Section 52.013, Texas Local Government Code. APPROVED AS TO FORM AND LEGALITY: City Attorney Date: ~J ~~ I ~~ ADOPTED: 6 ' ~~- EFFECTIVE : ~ ~ ~S~ ~"' 7 f~ -5- 1990 STANDARD FOR PROTECTIVE HEADGEAR For Use m B~cyclmg NELL MEMORIAL FOUNDATION® ESTABLISHED 1957 ~. ~, ~. x ~~ x :,~ r The Snell Memorial Foundation, incorporated as anon-profit organization, has registered in its Articles of Incorporation with the State of California the following statement of purpose: The purposes of this Foundation are solely and exclusively scientific, educational and charitable and specifically to aid, help, promote and insure the life, safety, well-being and comfort of per- sons participating in or about any type of travel or vehicular trans- portation, to investigate, develop, approve and publicize any and all articles which may possibly relate thereto, to engage in research related to such articles directly or to finance such research and take any other action related directly or indirectly thereto, and to conduct and carry on the work of the Foundation, not for profit, but exclu- sively for scientific, educational and charitable purposes. Directors William C. Chilcott, Ph.D Charming L. Ewing, M.D H.A. Fenner, Jr., M.D., President Harry Philo, Esq. Richard G Snyder, Ph.D Arthur Tebby Daniel J Thomas, M.D Member Paul Appel, Esq. Edward B. Becker, Executive Director 1990 STANDARD FOR PROTECTIVE HEADGEAR for Use ~n B~cvcLng SNELL MEMORIAL FOUNDATIO,V INC.. P O Box 493 St James, New York 11780 U S.A 1990 Snell Memorial Foundation Inc FOREWORD In a bicycle accident, the rider may suffer inlur~ or death Helmets on the market today offer varvmg degrees of protection, but the consumer has little bans for fudging the relative effectiveness of a given model This Standard presents a rational means for d~fferenhating between helmets which meet specified standards for impact (crash) protection and retention system strength and those which do not The Snell Foundation urges that protective helmets be required for all bicyclists participating m supervised racing events and encourages the general bicycling public to wear helmets whuh meet appropriate performance standards This 1990 Standard establishes performance charac- teristics and does not establish construction and material specifications The Foundation neither recommends specific products nor imposes its specifications on manufacturers or consumers Manufacturers submit helmets to be tested under this Standard and if the submitted helmets pass, a certifica- tion is issued The Foundation will make available the identity of those products which have been Snell certified but will not attempt to rank those products according to performance or to any other criteria Neither does the Foundation distinguish between the needs of competition cyclists and those of the general public. All of the requirements described herein, including both certification and random testing, are an integral part of this Standard No helmet can satisfy the Standard unless it is subject to both certification and random testing by the Foundation. Snell certification for protective headgear requires a specific contractual agreement between the primary headgear manufacturer and the Foundation. Certification procedures may be obtained upon application to the Foundation INTRODUCTION This Standard addresses the problem of protecting the head from direct impact with surfaces or objects that might be encountered m a bicycling acadent The Standard prescribes 2 direct measures of several factors bearing on a helmet's ability to protect the head as well as its general serviceability as bicyclist headgear Thus, this Standard is directed towards the kinds of performance bearing on head protection that may not readily be discernable by even knowledgeable consumers at the time of purchase Some of these performance requirements have been expressed in terms of limitations on the various components and features of the scngle general helmet conhguration currently available These expressions have been used only for the sake of clarity and should not be misinterpreted as requiring specific configurations or materials As newer helmet technologies appear, these Icm~tations will be re-examined and, perhaps, restated A boucle helmet consists generally of a rigid head covering and a retention system composed of flexible straps and hardware The rigid covering protects the head from direct -mpact by its capacity to manage impact energy and also by its capacity to spread a concentrated load at its outer surface over a larger area of the wearer's head The retention system holds the headgear in position throughout normal usage and especially during falls and accidents This Standard tests the strength of the retention system but does not address whether it will hold the headgear in position on a particular wearer's head The ~nenrer incest sntufy himself of the ciualcty of fit and the posctconn! titahelcty of a pnrtcczdnr helmet before using it The capacity for impact protection is determined by direct measurement of the shock delivered through tl~e helmet to a headform when the helmeted headform cs dropped in a specified manner onto each of two unyielding anvils The strength of the retention system is tested by placing the helmet on a headform and shock loading the strap with a mechanical structure simulating the human law Most bicycle helmets are intended to accommodate a range of head, sizes and shapes Various thicknesses of resilient lining material are placed within otherwise identical helmets during production or are sold with the helmet to allow the wearer to configure the fit himself This resilient padding does not affect the way the helmet absorbs and atten- tuates impact and is not directly addressed in this Standard Other general features of bicycle helmets may include eyeshades, accommodations for goggles brightly colored decals or covers, reflective tapes or patches and ventilation holes to allow bicyclists to shed the heat generated by vigorous exerase These features all deal with matters of sateri and com- fort that are not directly addressed in this Standard but tivhich meat the consideration of wearers as well as manufacturers Although bicycle helmet use has been ~ho~~ n to reduce the risk of head mtunes significantly, there are limits to a helmets protective capability No helmet can protect the wearer against all foreseeable accidents Therefore intur~ mar occur in accidents which exceed the protective capabiht~ of any helmet including even those helmets meeting the require- ments of this Standard A helmet's protective capability may be e~chausted pro- tecting the wearer in an accident Helmets are constructed so that the energy of a blow is managed by the helmet causing its partial destruction The damage may not be readily apparent and the Foundation strongly recommends that a helmet involved in an acadent be returned to the manufacturer for complete inspection If it is not possible to do so, the helmet should always be replaced Finally, the protectve capability may diminish over time Sume helmets are made of materials which deteriorate with age and there tore have a limited life span At the present time, the Foundation recommends that bicycle helmets be replaced after five (~) years, or less if the manufacturer so recommends CONSTRUCTION A. General The assembled helmet shall have smooth e~cternal and internal surfaces Anv feature protecting more than 7 mm beyond the outer surface must readily break a~~a~, all other protections on the outer surface shall be smoothy faired and offer minimal frictional resistance to tangential impact tortes There shall be no feature on the inner surface protecting more than 2 mm into the helmet interior The helmet shall provide as nearly uniform impact protection over the entire protected area as is po~s~ble using normal manutacturu~g techniques It the bs~hce cat am d~tachabl~ wmponent ut the helmet does not prevent its being worn the n thiti ahu~nce must not compromise either the retenhon tiv~tem or the impact protection It any part of the helmet detarhe~ dunng testing, it must otter no laceration or puncture hazard nor reduce the coverage of the head B Materials [deall~ materials used ~n the manutactun of the helmet should be of durable qual~t~ and not be harmed b~ exposure to sun rain, dust ~~bration s~~eat or products applied to the skin or hair Sun~larl~, the materials should not degrade due to temperature extremes likely to be encountered m routine storage or transportation As a practical matter ho~~ ever, ~t such causes are likely to attect the protective capab~lihes ut a helmet, they must also produce ubvwus changes ~n the external appearance of the helmet The man- utacturer shall provide suitable warnings and mtormahon with each helmet describing tactors degrading helmet materials and the signs of such degradation Materials «hich cause skin irritation ur are conducive to disease shall not be used for the parts whuh contact the skin Lmmg materials it used, may be detachable for the purpose of ~~ ashing C Finish All edges of the helmet shall be smoothed and rounded ~v~th no metallic parts or other rigid prolect~ons on the inside of the shell that might injure the wearers head in the event of impact D Retention System The retention system shall be designed so as to discour- age misuse That is of all the w~avs in which the retention s~s- tem might be used, the design use shall be the simplest and gwckest to implement Helmets shall not be fitted with non-essential" teatures which, if misused can degrade the pertormance Quick release buckles, if used shall not release inadvertently E. Peripheral Vision The helmet shall provide peripheral visual clearance This clearance is defined usntg ~~ reterence headhu~m ~tpprupnate to the size of the lielniet and ~urre~pund~ to a ~'i~ual held ut at least 10~' to the right and to the left ut straight ahead QUALIFICATIONS FOR CERTlFI CATION For yualit~cahun testing helmetshall be m the ante cundit~on as those uttered tar sale flu heh»et ur ~untpunent which has Lieen subjected to am tests deticnbed m this Stan- dard shall be uttered tur ~aie atter testing ~ total ut tip e (~) camplete helmets must be submitted b~ the manutachirer tur a cerhficatic~n test program br each size ut this model uttered for sale Four at these samples w~U be destru~•ed ut testing the fifth shall he retained for comparison and reterence Am modification of a Snell cerhhed helmet other than decorating, markutg ur truttmmg the eternal shell ~~~tth appntved pants and tape may m~ahdate the certiticahon Anv mod~ficat~un that m~~ol~~es changes to the shell liner or the retention wstem m~ alidates the cerhticatuut unless specifical(~ authorized ut ~~ r~tmg RANDOM SAMPLE TESTING In addition to the certification testing, the Foundation will rouhnel~ obtain and test samples ut prevunish cerhhed models These samples will be selected tram among those stocks intended for retail sale to consumers In this manner the Foundation wall attempt to ensure that the helmets made available to the public continue to meet the performance requirements ut this Standard [n cases ~~ here helmets are provided d~rectl~ to the users and do not pass through a normal sales distribution system the Foundation will set up alternative procedures to monitor the continuing qualih ut certified products Speahcall~ it helmets are pro. ~ded directh to athletes for use ut organized events the Foundation may demand guaranteed access to the helmets for spot checking and non-destruch~ e et aluation LABELLING AND MARKING Each helmet shall have durable ~ isibl~ and legible labelling; identifvmg the manufacturer, the month and year of manutacture and the size Labelling shall be uncoiled and m En.;li~h The head ;ear shall also be labelled to the tollowing ttect 1 Fc~r bicycle use oniv ~ \u helmet can protect the wearer against all toresee- able impacts However for maximum protection the helmet must be eat good ht and all retention straps must be securely tastened to retain the helmet The helmet ~~ hen fitted, shall not be removed easily under this condition 3 This helmet is so constructed that the energy of an impact may he absorbed through its partial destruction though damage may not be visible [f it sufters such an impact it must either be returned to the manufacturer for inspection or be destroyed and replaced ~ If any of the helmet components are sensitive to commonly encountered fluids, solvents or other treatments then the labelling must also include This helmet can be seriously damaged by some common substances without visible damage Apply oniv the following (Recommended cleaning agents, paints, adhesives and the like) as appropriate ~ The Snell decal shall be placed inside the helmet so that it cannot be removed easily The registered trademark (certification label) of the Snell Memorial Foundation may be used by the manufacturer oniv under license from the Snell Memorial Foundation The specifics of luensure may be obtained from the Foundatwi EXTENT OF PROTECTION The extent of protection corresponds to that region of the head which the helmet must protect. This region is defined according to the geometry of the three reference headforms Small, Medium and Large, which are derived from the Department of Transportation Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 218 (DOT FI~IVSS 218) There are a number of planes fixed in the geometry of these headforms as shown in Figure 1 The dehnitums for the extent of protechon use three of them the basic plane the long~tud~nal plane, and the reterence plane The bask plane corresponds to the anatomical plane that includes the auditory meatuses and the mterwr orbital nms The longitudinal (m~dsag~ttai) plane is perpenduular to the basic plane and is the plane of svmmetr~ dn~~ding the nght half of the headform tram the Jett The reterence plane is parallel to the basic plane and hes above ~t at a distance deter mined by the size of the headform ~3 h mm b0 mm and h-4 mm for the Small Medium and Large headforms respechvei~ The extent of protechon provided by the helmet must m- ciude the entire region above the reterence plane (see Figure 2) Pen Vist 105° Headtorm D (millimeters) Small (A) 53 6 Medium (C) 60 0 Large (D) 6-1 5 ~ ^^^ituduial 'Reference Plane T D y Basic Plane - ~ enpheral Vision DOT Headform Geometry Figure 1 Test Line "Foot Prmt" Allowance (1~ mm) Boundary of the Extent of Protection Headform Reference Plane Extent of Protection Figure 2 TESTING A. Inspection and Marking Each helmet will be inspected for the required labels and for compliance with the general I~m~tat~ons made on con- struction The weight and various circumterences will be recorded for comparison with other samples of the same make and model A line draw-n on the outer surface of the helmet marks the boundary of the extent of prutection Thts line is drawn ui the following manner the helmet is positioned upon the appropriate FMVSS 218 headform and held firmly in place with an applied force of 50 newtons (I1 25 lbs) The level of the reference plane is then traced onto the outer surface of the helmet A test line shall be drawn parallel to the boundary of the extent of protection and 15 mm above ~t (see Figure 2) B Peripheral Vision The clearance for peripheral vision will be checked by pos~t~oning the helmet on the appropriate DOT FMVSS 218 headform and holding it firmly in place with a force of 50 new- tons The clearance is described as an angle ~n the basic plane with its vertex located at the intersection of the basic plane the longitudinal plane, and the front surface of the headform This angle must be unobstructed from 105° to the left of straight ahead, through straight ahead, to 105° to the right of straight ahead C. Performance Testing The performance testing subjects helmets to a dynamic test of the retention system and to several shock absorption tests These tests are conducted upon helmet samples that are first conditioned in environments simulating some of the con- ditions in which the helmet might reasonably be expected to be used The tests will be ordered so that the dynamic test of the retention system will be conducted before exposing the helmet to any of the tour impacts in the shock absorption testing. Cl. Conditioning for Testing 1 Cold In addition to testing at ambient temperature, a second helmet shall be conditioned by being exposed to a temperature of -10°C ± 2°C for a period of not less than tour (4) hours, nor more than twenty-four (24) hours 2. Heat. A third helmet shall be conditioned by being exposed to a temperature of 50°C ± 2°C for a period of not less than four (4) hours, nor more than twenty-four (24) hours 3 Rain. A fourth helmet shall be conditioned by being continuously sprayed with or immersed in water at a tempera- ture of 25°C ± 5°C for a period of not less than four (4) hours, nor more than twenty-four (24) hours 4. All testing of these hot, cold and wet helmets shall begin within two (2) minutes from the time of removal from the conditioning apparatus C2. Dynamic Test of Retention System The helmet shall be placed on a headform and the chin strap shall be fastened under a device whose upper end approximates the shape of the bony structure of the lower law The device will then be given a mechanical pre-load followed by a dynamic loading. The retention system fails if it cannot support the loads or if the maximum deflection during the dynamic load exceeds 40 mm i This simulated jaw shall consist of two metal bars or rollers, each one 12.7 mm ± 0 5 mm in diameter, separated by 76 mm ± 0 5 mm on center. 2. A pre-load of 23 kg shall be applied for at least 120 seconds 3 A 38 kg mass shall be dropped in a vertical guided fall a distance of 70 mm so as to load the retaining system ab- ruptly; the 38 kg mass and 23 kg mass shall not be additive In order to protect the test mechanism, the impact of the 38 kg 10 mass may be cushioned with a 00-93 durometer rubber pad 150 mm m diameter by 6'/' mm thick, or its equivalent C3 Shock Absorption Test 1 Shock absorption shall be measured by determining imparted acceleration to an appropriately instrumented test headform dropped in a guided fall upon a fixed rigid steel anvil Each helmet shall receive one impact on each of four sites against the fiat or the hemispherical anvil surfaces The helmet thus will have one (1) impact per site against either the tlat or hemispherical anvil ~n a random order 2 The impacts shall be separated trom each other by a distance of not less than one-sixth of the arcumference of the helmet at the reterence plane The centers of the impacts must be at any point w~thm the area marked by the test line (see Figure 2) and no closer than 15 mm to the boundary of the extent of protection Rivets vents, and am other helmet tex- ture within this region shall be valid test sites 3 Two anvil configurations shall be used, one flat and one hemispherical The flat anvil shall have a minimum surtace area of 0 0127 m'`, e g 127 mm diameter face, the hemispherical anvil shall have a 48 mm ± 0 5 mm radius The rigid mount for both of the anvils shall consist of a solid mass of at least 135 kg, the upper surtace of which shall consist of a steel plate with minimum thickness of 25 mm and minimum surface area of 0 3 m' The test headform shall be of rigid, low resonance material such as a magnesium alloy and shall conform to the DOT Small, Medium and Large sizes as specified in FMVSS 218 -1 For each impact test the input energy tolerance shall not exceed ±3°io of the joules (1) specified The input energy (joules) for each helmet impact shall be calculated by using the drop test weight (ti~ithout helmet) and the measured impact veloaty The drop test weight shall be the total weight of the instrumented test headform, which includes the "neckshatt ball, collar and accelerometer; and the support arm assembly which includes all the other hardy` are ng~dly fixed to the headform m the guided fall The weight of the helmet will not be included in the drop test weight The support arm assembly shall not exceed 25"~ of the drop test weight For example, for a ~ 1 kg drop test ~ve~ght, the support arm shall not weigh more than 1 275 kg The total drop mass of the supporting 11 assembly with instrumented headform, without the helmet, shall not exceed 6 5 kg The center of gravity of the test headform and support- ing assembly shall lie w~thm lOmm horizontally of the design center of gravity of the test headform The acceleration transducer shall be mounted at the design center of gray itv of the test headform The sensitive axis shall be aligned to within 3' of the ~~ertual axis when the test headform ~s ~n the impact position TIZe acceleration data channel must comply with SAE recommended practice J 211 requirements for channel class 1000 with the exception' that the freyuencv response need not include the range from do to 10 hz which may not be obtainable using certain types of transducers At each test locus of impact against the flat anvil, the impact shall be 100 l regardless of headform size or weight Given an ideal frictionless mechanical test facility, this impact energy represents a 2+ meter drop of a 5 kg headform and supporting assembly The drop against the hemispherical anvil is to be at 65 l regardless of headform size or weight Given the same ideal tacility, this energy represents a 1 3 + meter drop of a 5 kg headform and supporting assembly ~ The peak acceleration of the helmeted headform for any of the four (-l) impacts shall not exceed 300 g The helmet shall remain structurally intact throughout impact testing Non-structural elements may break loose but must not present a risk of laceration or other injury 12 Snell Memorial Foundation, Inc. Shortly after William 'Pete" Snell died of massive head injuries received during an automotive racing accident, his friends and associates formed the Snell Memorial Foundation. The goals of the Foundation were to investigate and understand the mechanisms of head injury and to encourage the development of truly protective helmets for use in automotive sports. The Snell Memorial Foundation is anon-profit organization incorporated under California law in 1957 It exists solely for the pur- pose of engaging in scientific and educational activities promoting the safety, well-being and comfort of persons engaged in any type of travel or vehicular transportation. Today, the Snell Memorial Foundation tests various kinds of helmets and certifies them for use. It publishes Standards for motor- cycle helmets, bicycle helmets, harness racing helmets, non-motor- ized sports helmets and automobile racing helmets and is interested in just about every kind of headgear worn to protect against crash impact injury Standards are updated periodically Helmet manufacturers submit their products for certification. If their helmets pass the demanding series of performance tests, and therefore meet the referenced Standard, the manufacturers are in- vited to enter into a contract with the Snell Memorial Foundation which entitles them to use the Snell Memorial Foundation name and logo in their packaging and advertising, and to purchase Snell Foundation decals for use in their certified products. However, this contract also requires them to maintain their high standards and to participate in the random sample test program. In this program, the Foundation acquires and tests helmets to guarantee the continuing quality of certified products. The Foundation takes pains to see that these random sample helmets are drawn from the same supply as those sold in stores; thus the Foundation is able to monitor the quali- ty of the helmets sold directly to consumers. Participation in the Snell certification program is strictly vol- untary Manufacturers are not obliged to seek certification or to con- tinue it, but while a manufacturer does participate, the Foundation demands full compliance. Similarly, the Foundation prosecutes all unauthorized use of the Snell name and logo to the full extent of the law The Snell Foundation currently maintains three laboratories, one in St. James, New York, one in North Highlands, California and one in Farnham, United Kingdom. Testing is carried out in all three facilities, and the New York facility also handles the administrative aspects of the Foundation. There is a Board of Directors who over- sees the activities of the Foundation, and a salaried staff who con- ducts the testing and performs the administrative functions. ANSI Z90 4-1984 • • for Protective Headgear - forBicyclists e a a 0 a N z Q ., ~~ .... ~/11~/ American Hativnal Standards Institute 11 West 42nd Street New York New York ANSI® Z90 4-1984 American National Standard for Protective Headgear - for Bicyclists Secretariat Snell Memorial Foundation, Inc Approved March 12, 1984 American Nations! Standards Institute, Inc Am @ 1'1 Can Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for National approval have been met by the standards developer Standard Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary, their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute Requests for interpretations should be ad- dressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this standard CAUTION NOTICE This American Nationai Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute Published by American National Standards Institute 11 West 42nd Street, New York, New York 10036 Copyright ©t984 by American National Standards Institute All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher Printed in the United States of America Foreword ~~ Foreword is not part of American National Standazd 290.4-1484 ) On December 9 1960 the Sports Car Club of America requested that the American Stan• Bards Association (now American National Standards Institute, Inc) initiate a project to prepare specifications for road users' helmets. A general conference was held at the ASA headquarters in April 1961 that was attended by representatives from various consumer groups, helmet manufacturers, testing organizations, and branches of the military service including both Army and Navy The Safety Standards Board established American Na tional Standards Committee 290 and charged it with the responsibility for establishing a safety code for vehicular head protection. The scope of the committee is to establish safety requirements for head protection for automobile drivers engaged in high hazard activities or occupations and for motorcyclists. Following Hearty five years of deliberations by the committee, its resulting proposals were approved by the Safety Standards Board on June 22, 1966 Subsequent experience with the specifications as originally adopted indicated a need for certain clarification and sim plification. The specifications have been revised three times to incorporate the modifica bons deemed appropriate by the committee. The committee considered other hazardous activities and as a consequence developed this standard for recreational bicycle riders. CAUTION 1t is essential that any specific complete standard be applied or utilized only within the scope of its intended application, because there exists a great number of types of protective headgear with widely varying uses. The resulting differences in design re quirements may result in very necessary compromise involving factors that include com fort, weight, visual, and auditory requirements as well as degree and extent of protection Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome They should be sent to the Snell Memorial Foundation, P.0 Box 733, Wakefield, RI 02880 This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by American National Standards Committee .on Vehicular Head Protection, 290 Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily imply that all committee members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard the 290 Committee had the following members. George G Sttively,* Chairman Organization Represented Name of Representative American Association for Automotive Medicine George G. Snively• American Medical Association. H. A. Fenner, Jr American Power Boat Association John Langley American Sports Company Victor J PadiIIa Baden Helmet Company Harold Bailen Bell Helmets, Inc Dean Fisher California Association of Bicycling Organizations. Alan Wachtel California Highway Patrol Hal Eldridge Hanna-Pro Enterprises Harold Stock Mountain Safety Reseazch Ted McCoy National Bureau of Standards Nick Calvano Safety Helmet Councr7 of America Ivan J Wagaz Skid-Lid Manufacturing Company R. Kevin Montgomery Snell Memorial Foundation, Inc C. O. Chichesterj~ Sports Caz Club of America George G. Snively• U.S. Air Force Logistics Command William C. ChiIcott U.S. Army, Aeromedical Joseph Haley U.S. Army, Quartermaster Reseazch Command Bruce Buckland U.S. Naval Aviation.. Charming L. Ewing Washington Area Bicycle Association. Randolph Swart Independent Experts George R. Henderson A. L. Lastnik Harty Hurt James H. McElhaney A. Mazshall Irving Verne Roberts Arthur James 'Deceased. tPresent Chairman. Contents SECTION PAGE 1 Scope, Purpose, and Requirements ~ 11 Scope ~ 1.2 Purpose 7 1.3 Requirements 7 2 Referenced Standards. 7 3 Definitions 7 4 Construction 10 41 General 10 4.2 Projections 10 5 Materials 10 6 Marking 11 7 Samples for Testing 11 7 1 Condition and Attachments. I 1 7.2 Number of Samples 11 8 Test Schedule 11 9 Conditioning Environments 11 9 1 Ambient Conditions. 11 9.2 Low Temperature 11 9.3 High Temperature 11 9 4 Water Immersion 11 10 Extent of Protection I 1 11 Peripheral Vision 11 12. Tests of Impact Energy Attenuation 12 12.1 Measurement of Impact Energy Attenuation. ] 2 12.2 Acceptable Acceleration Levels 1? 12.3 Impact Sites 12 13 Test of Retention System Strength 12 13 1 Dynamic Test Description 12 13.2 Apparatus 12 133 Procedure 12 13 4 Interpretation of Results. 12 14 Requirements for Test Equipment I2 14 1 Equipment and Environment 12 14.2 Instrumentation Check 15 14.3 Velocity-Sensing System 15 15 Reference Marking. 15 16 Records of Tests 15 17 Test Headforms. 15 171 General 15 I7.2 Material of Headforms 15 17.3 Mass of Headforms 15 Ta bles Table 1 Polar Coordinates of Horizontal Half-Sections g Table 2 Reference Marking Dimensions 13 SECTION Figures Figure 1 Typical Headform. Figure 2 Extent of Protection and Clearance for Goggles Figure 3 Headform Elevation Figure 4 Horizontal Half-Sections at Datum Levels Figure 5 Apparatus for Tests for Impact Energy Attenuation Figure 6 Apparatus for Test for Retention System Strength PAGE 9 9 10 13 14 American National Standard for Protective Headgear - for Bicyclists 1 Scope, Purpose, and Requirements 1.1 Scope. This standard specifies minimum perfor- mance criteria and describes test methods for protec rive headgear for wear by bicyclists. CENTRAL VERTICAL AXIS CIRCUMFERENCE 68 n 1.2 Purpose. The purpose of this standard is to provide bicyclists wish minimum acceptable levels of head pro- A tection, acknowledging the desirability of light weight and ventilation. K 1.3 Requirements. Tests of the protective-headgear assembly shall be conducted to ensure compliance, m under specific environmental conditions, with the re- s quirements in this standard for (1) Impact attenuation properties of the protective headgear (2) Adequacy of the strength of the retention system 2. Referenced Standards This standard is intended for use in conjunction with the following standards ISO/DIS 6220-1983, Headforms for Use in the Testing of Protective Helmetst SAE J211-JUN80, Instrumentation for Impact Tests2 3 Definitions 3 1 Basic Plane. A plane at the level of the external auditory meatus (external ear opening) and the inferior margin of the orbit (lower edge of the eye socket). (See Figure 1 ) 3.2 Midsagittal Plane. A longitudinal plane passing through the vertex of the headform, perpendicular to ' Available from American National Standazds Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018. ' Available from the Society of Automotive Enaneers, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096. Figure 1 Typical Headfonm the basic plane, that geometrically bisects the head- form. (See Figure 2.) 33 Reference Plane. A plane at a given distance above and parallel to the basic plane. (See Figure 1 ) 3 4 Reference Headfonm. A measuring device con- toured to the dimensions of one of the four headforms described in Figures 3 and 4, with surface markings in dicating the locations of the basic, midsagittal, and reference planes and the centers of the external ear openings. HEADFORM REFERENCE PLANE BASIC PLANE NOTE. All dimensions are in millimeters. B~ k INCLINED AXIS Headform Size x y A 24 90 E 26 96 J 27 103 M 29 107 Table 1 Polar Coordinates of Horizontal Half-Sections Heedform Sizs A Dimension y ~ 90 mm Height above Qo 150 ~ 45° 60° 75° 90° 105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° reference Front Back plane 0 88,0 86,5 83,0 75,5 70,0 67 0 66,5 69,5 73,5 78,5 84,0 87,0 88.0 20 85,5 84.5 82,5 75,5 70,0 67,0 66,5 69,5 73,5 78,5 84,0 87,0 87,0 40 80,0 79,5 79,0 72,0 67,5 65,0 64,5 67,0 71,0 76,0 80,5 82,0 81 5 50 75,0 75,0 74,5 68,5 63,5 61 0 60,5 63,5 67,0 72,0 76,0 77,0 77,0 60 68,0 68,0 67,5 62,5 57,5 55,5 55,0 58,0 61,5 66,0 70,0 70,0 70,5 7p 56,0 56,0 56,5 53,0 49,5 47 0 47,0 49,0 53,0 57,0 61,5 61,0 61,0 80 37 0 37,5 37,0 36,5 35,5 34,0 34,0 36,0 39,5 44,5 49,0 49,0 48,5 85 23,0 24,0 23,0 22,0 22,0 23,0 24 0 24,5 29,5 33,5 36,0 36,5 37,0 Heedform Size E Dimension y ~ 96 mm Height above Qo 150 300 450 60° 75° 90° 105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° reference Front Back plane 0 94,5 93,0 90,0 82,0 76,5 73,5 73,0 76,0 B0,0 85,0 91 0 94,0 94,5 20 92,5 91,5 89,0 ffi,0 76,5 73,5 73,0 76,0 80,0 85,0 90,5 93,5 94.0 40 87,0 87,5 B5,0 79,5 74,5 71,0 71,5 74,0 77,5 82,5 88,0 89,0 89,0 50 82,5 83,0 81,0 76,0 71,0 68,0 68,0 70,5 74,0 79,5 83,5 84,5 84,5 60 76,5 76,5 75,5 71,0 66,5 63,5 63,5 66,0 69,5 74,0 78,5 79,0 79,0 70 66,5 66,5 66,5 63,0 59,0 56,5 56,5 58.5 62,0 66,5 70,5 71,0 71 0 80 52,0 52,0 52,0 50,0 47,5 46,0 46,5 48,0 51,0 56,0 58,5 60,0 60,0 85 41,5 41,5 41,5 40,5 39,5 39,0 39,5 41 0 44,0 48,0 51,5 52,0 52,0 90 28,0 28,0 28,5 28,5 28,5 29,0 30,0 31,0 34,0 37,5 41,5 42,0 42,0 95 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,5 11,0 12,0 13,5 15,0 16,0 16,0 16,0 Heedform Size J: Oimenaon y ~ 103 mm Height above 0° 15° 30° 450 600 75o goo 105° 120° 135° 150° 16,5° 180° reference Front Back plane 0 101,0 99,5 95,5 87,5 82,5 79,5 79,5 82,0 86,0 92,0 97,0 100,5 101 0 20 99,0 97,0 93,5 87,5 ffi,0 79,5 79,5 82,0 86,0 92,0 96,5 99,5 100,0 40 93,0 92,5 90,0 85,5 80,0 77,5 77,5 80,5 84,0 89,0 93,0 95,5 95,5 50 90,0 89,0 87,0 83,0 77,0 74,5 75,0 77,5 81,0 86,0 90,0 91,5 91,5 60 84,0 83,0 61,5 77,0 73,0 70,0 71,0 73,0 77,0 81,0 85,5 87,0 87,0 70 76,0 75,5 74,0 71,0 67,0 65,0 65,5 67,0 71,5 75,0 79,0 80,0 80,0 80 65,0 65,0 64,0 B1,0 58,5 56,0 57,0 59,0 62,5 66,5 69,5 71,0 71,0 85 56,0 58,0 56,5 54,5 52,0 50,0 51,0 52.5 56,6 60,5 64,5 65,0 65,0 90 48,5 48,0 47,0 45,5 43,5 43,0 44,0 46,0 49,5 54,0 57,0 58,5 58,5 95 37,0 36,5 35,0 34,0 33,0 33,5 34,5 36,0 39,0 43,0 46,5 47,0 47,0 t00 20,0 20,0 19,5 19,0 18,5 18,5 19,0 20,5 23,5 27,5 31,0 31,5 31 0 Heedform Size M Dimension y ~ 107 mm Height above 0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° 105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° reference Front Back plane 0 106,0 104,0 101,0 93,5 87,0 b4,5 84,0 86,5 91,0 96,0 102,0 106,0 106,0 20 103,5 102,5 99,5 93,0 87,0 84,5 84,0 86,5 91,0 96,0 101,5 105,5 105,5 40 99,0 98,5 96,5 90,5 85,0 82,5 82,0 84,0 88,5 93,5 96,0 100,5 100,5 50 95,5 94,5 93,0 87,5 82,0 79,5 79,0 81,5 85,5 90,0 93,0 97,0 97,0 60 89,5 89,5 88,0 83,0 77,5 75,0 75,0 77,0 81,5 86,5 91,0 92,0 92,0 70 ffi,0 82,0 81,0 77,0 72,0 69,5 69,5 71,5 75,5 81,0 84,0 85,5 85,5 80 71,5 71,5 71,0 68,0 64,0 61,5 61,5 64,0 67,0 72,0 76,0 77,0 77,0 85 64,5 64,5 64,0 61,5 59,0 57,0 57,0 58,5 61,5 66,5 71,0 72,0 72,0 90 56,5 56,5 56,5 55,0 53,0 51,5 51,5 53,0 56,0 60,5 64,5 66,0 66,0 95 46,5 46,5 47,0 46,5 45,5 44,0 44 0 45,5 48,5 53,0 57,5 59,0 58,5 100 32,0 32,0 32,5 33,0 34 0 34,0 34 5 35,5 38,5 43,0 46,5 48,5 48,0 105 12,0 12,0 13 0 14 0 15,0 16,0 17,5 19,5 21 0 25,0 29,5 30,0 30,0 NOTE All dimensions are in millimeters. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD 290.4.1984 CENTRAL VERTICAL AXIS HEADFORM FRONT AEFERENCE PLANE ~ G, C A s, --- G2 p '~ _ _ 1~ ~! 25 5j NOTES (1) All dimensions aze in millimeters. (2) The dimensions in the table aze the lengths of the cords EQUIDISTANT EQUIDISTANT Headfotm Size AGt, AC HGZ HD measured with the aid of dividers. A 72 79 88 95 E 77 84 94 101 J 80 88 97 104 M 82 90 100 107 Figure 2 Extent of Protection and Clearance for Goggles i VERTICAL DATUM LEVELS ABOVE AXIS REFERENCE LINE 95 ~ 85 70 60 -_ ~ - ZO REFERENCE .~ LINE /, ~ ` \ / ~ ' ~ ( ` ' ~. I ~ , ,, . ~~, ~, ~_ ___.~ _ ~ I ~ _ _! I PROFILE BELOW REFERENCE LINE TO SUIT METHOD OF MOUNTING NOTES (1) All dimensions are in millimeters. (2) For dimension y see Table 1 Figure 3 Headform Elevation FRONT ~ C 9 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD 290.4-1984 90° 0°• FRONT - ~ REFERENCE LINE NOTES (1) All dimensions are in millimeters. (Z) For polaz coordinates of horizontal sections see Table 1 Figure 4 Horizontal Half-Sections at Datum Levels 3.5 Test Headfonm. A test device contoured to the dimensions of the four headfornts described in Figures 3 and 4 and Table 1 for all surface areas that contact the helmet, with surface markings indicating the locations of the basic, midsagittal, and reference planes. Iieadfotms shall be as defined in ISO/DIS 6220-1983 3.6 Retention System. The complete assembly that maintains the protective headgear in a stabilized posi- tion on the wearer's head. 3 7 Projection. Any part of the protective headgear, internally or externally, that juts out or extends be- yond the surface in an abrupt fashion. 3.8 Positioning Index. The distance from the lowest point of the brow at the lateral midpoint of the helmet to the basic plane of a reference headform at which the helmet is considered firmly and properly positioned on the reference headform. 3.9 Bicyclist. A bicyclist is a person operating a peo- ple-powered surface vehicle with one or more wheels. 3 10 Shell. The outer surface of the protective device 4 Constriction 180° REAR 4.1 General. The helmet shall be constructed to absorb impact energy and to provide a retention system. 4.2 Projections. There shall be no permanent external projections greater than 5 mm above the outer surface of the shell. Rivet heads shall be radiused and shall not project more than 2 mm above the outer surface of the shell. There shall be no inward-facing sharp edges on the inside of the helmet. Rigid internal projections shall be covered with padding. 5 Materials The characteristics of the materials used in the rtmanu- facture of helmets shall not undergo appreciable alters tion due to aging or normal use, such as exposure to sun, extremes of temperature, and rain. If hydrocarbons, cleaning fluids, paints, or transfers and other additions will affect the helmet adversely, a warning shall be provided 10 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD 290.4-1984 The materials used for those parts of the helmet coming into contact with the skin shall not undergo ap- preciable alteration because of sweat or of toiletries. Materials that cause skin disorders shall not be used 6 Marking Bicyclist's headgear offered for sale shall have perma- nent and legible marking that will give traceability, identification of the manufacturer, date of manufac lure, and size The headgear shall be labeled with the following instructions (1) "This helmet is designed only for bicycle use " (2) "No helmet can protect the wearer against all forseeable impacts. However, for maximum protection, the helmet must be of good fit and all retention straps must be securely fastened." (3) "This helmet is so constructed that the energy of an impact may be absorbed through partial destruc- lion of the headgear, though damage may not be visible to the naked eye If it suffers such an impact, it should either be returned to the manufacturer for competent inspection or destroyed and replaced." (4) "This helmet can be seriously damaged by some common substances without visible damage. Apply only the following (Recommended cleaning agents, paints, adhesives, and the like) as appropriate " 7 Samples for Testing 7.1 Condition and Attachments. For all testing, pro- tective headgear shall be tested in the condition as of- fered for sale Attachments shall not be installed on the helmet during testing. 7.2 Number of Samples. Four samples for each avail- able headform size are required for testing. Each test sample, following exposure to the environmental con- dition specific to it (described in Section 9) shall be subjected to the tests described in Section 8 8. Test Schedule (3) Each helmet shall be subjected to the tests for impact energy attenuation and retention system strength as described in Sections 12 and 13, respec lively Testing shall begin immediately after removal from the conditioning equipment The maximum time during which the protective headgear may be out of the con- ditioning environment shall not exceed 5 minutes. The helmet shall then be returned to the conditioning envi- ronment for a minimum of 15 minutes before again being withdrawn. This process shall be continued until a specific item has been put through all necessary testing. 9 Conditioning Environments 9.1 Ambient Conditions. The first protective headgear shall be conditioned in the environment defined in 14 1 for a period of not less than 4 hours. 9.2 Low Temperature. The second protective headgear shall be conditioned by being exposed to a temperature of -10°C ± 2°C for not less than 4 hours in a controlled environmental temperature apparatus. 9.3 High Temperature. The third protective headgear shall be conditoned by being exposed to an air temper aiure of 50°C ± 2°C for a period of not less than 4 hours in a circulating air oven. 9 4 Water Immersion. The fourth protective headgear shall be immersed in water at a temperature of 18°C to 27°C for a period of not less than 4 hours. 10 Extent of Protection The entire area of the headgear above the test line stip- ulated in 15 1 shall attenuate impact energy to the minimum requirements specified in 12.2 and 12.3 For each set of four samples (1) Each helmet shall be examined for extent of protection (see Section 10) and peripheral vision (see Section 11). (2) Each helmet shall be conditioned to one of the environments specified in 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, or 9 4 as re- quired by the test sequence for impact energy attenua- tion given in 12.3 1 11 Peripheral Vision The helmet shall provide peripheral vision clearance of a minimum of 105 degrees horizontally to each side of the midsagittal plane through the point K (see Fig ure 1). This angle shall be measured while the helmet is mounted on the smallest headform appropriate to the size range of the helmet AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD 290.4-1984 12. Tests of Impact Energy Attenuation 12.1 Measurement of Impact Energy Attenuation. Im- pact energy attenuation shall be measured by determin ing imparted acceleration to an appropriately instru- mented standard test headform specified in Section 17 The subject protective headgear shall be placed on the headform and the assembly shall be dropped in a guided fall, vertical within 13 mm per 5.0 meters of height, onto a steel anvil fixed on a rigid base. (See Figure 5 ) 12.2 Acceptable Accleration Levels. The peak acceler- ation, as measured by the instrumented test headform, resulting from the impacts delivered to each of the four preconditioned protective headgear, shall not exceed 300 units of gravity (G's). 12.3 Impact Sites 12.3.1 Each helmet shall be impacted once at each of four sites onto a flat steel anvil and a hemispherical steel anvil as specified in 12.3.5 and 12.3.6 The impact sites shall be placed at any point on the area above the test line described in I S 1 and separated by a distance not less than one-fifth of the maximum circumference of the helmet. If there are mechanical fasteners in the test area, at least one shall be impacted. At least one impact shall be 12 mm above the test line at the front, rear, or side of helmet. In each test series, impacts shall be equally divided between flat and hemispherical anvils. 12.3.2 The heights of the guided-free-fall drop for the helmet and test headform combination onto the hemispherical anvil and flat anvil shall be at least 1.0 meter and achieve an impact velocity of 4.57 mJs + 0%, - 5%. 12.3.3 The weight of the drop assembly, as specified in Table 2, shall be the combined weight of the instru- mented test headform and supporting assembly for the drop test. The weight of the supporting assembly shall not exceed 25% of the weight of the drop assembly The center of gravity of the combined test headform and supporting assembly shall lie within a cone having its axis vertical and forming a 10° included angle with the vertex as the point of impact 12.3 4 The acceleration transducer shall be mounted at the center of gravity of the combined test headform and supporting assembly with the sensitive axis aligned to within 5° of the vertical when the test headform is in the impact position. The acceleration data channel shall comply with the requirements in SAE J211-JUN$0 for channel Class 1000 12.3.5 The flat anvil shall be constructed of steel with an impact face having a minimum diameter of 125 mm The hermispherical anvil shall be constructed of steel with an impact face having a radius of 50 mm 12.3.6 The rigid mount for both of the anvils shat] consist of a solid mass of at least 135 kg, the upper sur- face of which shall consist of a steel plate with a mini- mum thickness of 25 mm and minimum surface area of 0.3 m~ 12.3 7 Impact velocity shall be measured during each test and shall be within the limits specified in 12.3 ~ This measurement shall correlate with pretest and posttest G calibration of the drop system as speci- fied in 13.1 1 13 Test of Retention System Strength 13 1 Dynamic Test Description. The dynamic test of the retention system shall be conducted by delivering a 19.6 J impact to the retention system by dropping a mass of 2 kg a distance of 1 meter (See Figure 6 for a typical test apparatus.) I3.2 Apparatus. The test apparatus shall provide for a 1-meter drop of a cylindrical mass that has, along its axis, a hole of sufficient diameter to allow it to fit around a steel rod that is square or circular with a diameter of 12 to 15 mm. The rod shall have a steel end stop and a minimum length of 1 meter plus the height of the cylinder The mass of the entire loading apparatus excluding the 2-kg cylindrical mass shall be 1 S kg ± 0.1 kg. 13.3 Procedure. The helmet shall be placed on the headform. The retention system shall be secured through rollers so that the entire dynamic test appara- tus hangs freely on ibis retention system. The strap of the retention system shall be fastened under a stir- rup that approximately conforms to the shape of'the bone structure of the lower jaw This stirrup shall consist of two metal rollers each with a diameter of 12.5 mm ± 0.5 mm that have a center separation of 76.0 mm ± 0.5 mm. Then the 2-kg mass shall be raised 1 meter and allowed to fall freely against the rigid end stop. 13 4 Interpretation of Results. When tested the reten- tion system shall not fail. The system shall remain intact so that the loading device does not become de- tached from the retention system. Maximum elonga- tion of the retention system shall not exceed 25 mm. 14 Requirements for Test Equipment 14.1 Equipment and Environment. Prior to testing, all equipment shall be turned on and allowed to warm up for at least 30 minutes or until equilibrium is reached, whichever time is greater 12 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD 290.4-1984 ALL JOINT CCELEROMETER SUPPORT ARM _MISPHERICAL ANVIL LAT ANVIL RIGID BASE Table 2 Reference Marking Dimensions Headfotm Size h a i b % A 55 29.3 30 29.3 5 E 55 31.5 30 31.5 5 J 58 33 7 33 33 7 8 M 60 35.3 35 35.3 10 NOTE. All dimensions are in milluneters. 13 Figure 5 Apparatus for Tests for Impact Energy Attenuation AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD 290.4-1984 HELMET (REF) POSITIONED ON HEAOFORM CHIN STRI STIRRUP EXTENSI SCALE 2 kg ORC WEIGHT GUIDE BA FOAM PF ANVIL ATTACHED TENSION AOD DISPLACEMI TRANSDUCE Figure 6 Apparatus for Test for Retention System Strength 14 ~~~ AMERICAN NATTONAL STANDARD 290.4-1984 The following environmental conditions shall be maintained throughout the period of calibration and testing Relative humidity 20%-80% Temperature 18°C-Z7°C 14.2 Instrumentation Check. The entire instrumenta lion system shall be checked before and after each series of tests by impacting a standard calibrating medi- um capable of producing an acceleration-time history of 400 G's, and a time duration of at least 1 ms, at 200 G's. At ]east three such impacts shall be recorded before and after testing and made part of the test re- port If the posttest average of the three impacts differs from the pretest average by more than 5%, the entire test series shall be discarded. Periodically it shall be demonstrated that the average peak acceleration of three impacts of the headform on a standard calibrating medium has not drifted more than ± 5% since the last independent calibration of the instrumentation traceable to the National Bureau of Standards (NBS). In addition to the above calibration, the velocity of free fall shall be measured at a point within the last 25 mm of travel prior to headform-calibration medium contact. This value shall be used to correlate calibration with velocity values measured during each headgear impact test. 14.3 Velocity~ensing System. The velocity-sensing system shall include an appropriate transducer that will produce a discrete output resolvable within 200 micro- seconds. (1) A plane h mm above and parallel to the refer- ence plane in the anterior portion of the reference headform, (2) A vertical transverse plane a mm in front of the external ear opening in a side view, (3) A plane i mm above and parallel to the refer- ence plane of the reference headform, (4) A vertical transverse plane b mm behind the center of the external ear opening in a side view, and (5) A plane j mm above and parallel to the refer ence plane in the posterior portion of the reference headform For the dimensions to be used for the different headform sizes, see Table 2. 15.2 Prior to each test, fix the helmet on a test head- form in the position that conforms to its helmet-posi- tioning index. The helmet shall be secured so chat it does not shift position prior to impact or to applica- tion of force during testing. In testing as specified in Section 12, the retention system shall be positioned so that it does not interfere with free fall or impact. 16 Records of Tests A permanent record of each test shall be retained con- sisting of a record of each impact, showing calibration of time and G scales. A photograph of the acceleration- time curve taken from suitable oscillographic or oscillo- scope equipment can be used as a minimum record. 1 S Reference Marking 15.1 A reference headform that is firmly seated with the basic plane horizontal shall be used for reference marking. The complete helmet to be tested shall be placed on the applicable reference headform whose circumference is not greater than the internal circum- ference of the headband when adjusted to its largest setting, or, if no headband is provided, to the corre- sponding interior surface of the helmet. A static force of 50 newtons (N) shall be applied normal to the apex of the helmet. The helmet shall be centered laterally and seated firmly on the appli- cable reference headform according to its helmet- positioning index. Maintaining the force and position described above, a test line shall be drawn on the outer surface of the helmet coinciding with portions of the intersection of that surface of the helmet with the following planes 17 Test Headforms 17.1 General. Only that part of a headform above the reference plane shall be designed to represent the hu- man head. Below the reference plane, the profile may vary to suit the method of mounting. In all sizes of headform, the inclined axis passes through a point Z on the central vertical axis, 12.7 mm above the reference plane. This point shall be taken as the center of gravity of the human head (see Figure 1). Headforms used in the tests shall comply with the details specified in Fig- ures 3 and 4 The sizes used shall be A, E, J, and M as defined in Table 2 17.2 Material of Headforms. Headforms shall be made of low-resonant-frequency material and shall exhibit no resonant frequencies below 3000 Hz. 17.3 Mass of Headforms. The mass of each headform shall be such that the headform, together with the sup- porting assembly, weighs 5 kg ± 0.05 kg. 15 '~~ Designation: F 1447 - 93 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1918 Race SL Philadelphia, Pa 19103 Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM H not I'sted in the current combined Index will appear in the ne# ed'Rion. Standard Specification for Protective Headgear Used in Bicycling' This standard is issued under the feed designation F 1447; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indigtes the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change sins the last revision or reapproval. 1 Scope 1 1 This specification covers performance requirements for helmets manufactured for use by adult or junior bicy- clists. This specification recognizes the desirability of light- weight construction and ventilation; however, it is a perfor- mance standazd and is not intended to restrict design. 1.2 All testing and requirements of this specification shall be in accordance with Test Methods F 1446, except where noted herein. basic plane in the anterior two-thirds of the headform (see Fig. I ). 5.4 Draw a line C-D on the posterior third of the headform 25 mm below and parallel to line A-B. Draw a vertical line between points B and C. 5.5 The resultant line ABCD represents the test line referred to in 18.2 of Test Methods F 1446. The helmet may be tested with any of the anvils listed in 4 1, anywhere above the test line. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standard.• F 1446 Test Methods for Equipment and Procedures Used in Evaluating the Performance Characteristics of Protec- tive Headgearz 3. Headforms 3.1 Headforms to be used in this specification aze as specified in Section 6 of Test Methods F 1446. The appro- priate size headform shall be selected (see 3.1 7 of Test Methods F 1446) for the helmet to be tested. 4. Anvils and Impact Velocities 4 1 Anvils to be used for impact tests in this specification aze the flat, hemispherical, and triangulaz hazard anvils, described in 16.4, 16.5, and Fig. 7 of Test Methods F 1446. 4.2 The helmet shall be dropped onto the flat anvil from a theoretical drop height of 2 m to achieve an impact velocity of 6.2 m/s. 4.3 The helmet shall be dropped onto the hemispherical and triangular hazazd anvils from a theoretical drop height of 1.2 m to achieve an impact velocity of 4.8 m/s. 4 4 The impact velocity shall be measured during the last 40 mm of free-fall for each test and shall be within t5 % of the velocities specified in 4.2 and 4.3 5. Marking the Test Line (Area of Required Coverage) 5 1 Place the helmet on the appropriate reference headform (see 3 1 15 of Test Methods F 1446) and preload with a preload ballast weight of 5 kg. 5.2 Position the helmet as specified by the manufacturer's head positioning index (HPI) with the brow pazallel to the basic plane. 5.3 Draw a line A-B parallel to and 60 mm above the 'This specification is underthe jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F-8 on Spore Equipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.53 on Headgear Current edition approved June I5, 1993. Published August 1993. ~ Annual Book ojASTM Standards, Vol 15.07 6. Conditioning and Number of Samples 6.1 Requirements for the number of each model and size to be tested are described in ! 0.2 of Test Methods F 1446. 6.2 Conditioning of the samples to be tested is described in Sections 11 and 12 of Test Methods F 1446. 7. Impact Sites 7 1 Impact sites are described in 18.2 of Test Methods F 1446. 8. Impacting Schedule 8.1 All impacting shall be performed in accordance with 18.2 of Test Methods F 1446. 9 Peak Acceleration and Time Duration Requirements 9 1 The peak acceleration ig, max) and time duration of the impulse during the impact shall be measured with equipment described in Section 16 of Test Methods F 1446. 9.2 The peak acceleration of any impact shall not exceed 300 g. 9.3 The time duration of the impulse during any impact when measured at the 200-g line shall not exceed 3 ms and shall not exceed 6 ms when measured at the 150-g line. 10. Retention System Testing 10.1 Dynamic Loading Test-Place the helmet on the x x- o~2nALL ~ENCTN 2/] Y~--1/J % Or NEADfoRY cENTEn w ANr IuvACt oust BE AT (EAST 2Snm FApI TEST UNE ABCD. ~~, ~~ a„m ! ~, :T.- ~ BASIC PLANE ~ - = vawT OEIERYINEO sr- uANUrACnraa+'s NEU~Er vosnaNwc woelc (NVl). FIG. 1 Marking the Test Une (Required Area of Coverage) ~~f F 1447 appropriate sue headform on the test device described in Section 15 and in fig. 5 of Test Methods F 1446. 10.1 1 Place the twin bar (jaw) system with rod and drop weight attached within the fastened retention system. 10 1.2 Place a preload ballast of 5 kg on top of the helmet to set the comfort or fit padding. 10. I.3 Mark the position of the twin bar with preload and drop weights in position. 10.1 4 Drop a 4-kg sliding weight a distance of 0.6 m. 10.1.5 The retention system shall remain intact without elongating more than 30 mm. 11. Labels and Warnings 11 1 In addition to the labeling requirements outlined in Test Methods F 1446, the helmet shall have the words "Not for Motor Vehicle Use" inscribed on one of the interior permanent labels. 12. Keywords 12.1 bicycling; protective headgear The AmerM,an Society lw Testing end Mate-lals takes no position respecting the valWity of arty patent rights asserted !n connection with any Item mentioned !n this sfarMard. Users ad this standard are expressly advised that determinatlon of the vaUdlty o/ any such patent rights, and the dsk of In/ringemenl o/ such r/ghts, are entirety their overt responsib/Nly. This standard !s subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every 11ve years and 11 not revised, either reapproved or wkhdrawn. Your comments are invited eRher for revision of this sta-tderd a tar edditlona! standards and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend. Il you Teel that your comments have not received a lair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, 1916 Race St., Phlladelphla, PA 19103. ~!~~ Designation: F 1446 - 93 Standard Test Methods for AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1916 Race SL Philadelphia, Pa 19103 Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. CopyrgM ASTM If not listed in the currerrt combined indeX will appear N the need ed'Rbn. Equipment and Procedures Used in Evaluating the Performance Characteristics of Protective Headgear' This s[andard is issued under the fixed designation F 1446; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. INTRODUCTION These test methods specify procedures and equipment used for testing protective headgear Individual performance standards (standard spectfications) will use these procedures and equip- ment. Impact velocities, pass-fail cntena, and other performance requirements will be specified in individual standard specifications, tailored to the needs of a particular activity (for example, bicycling, skateboarding, skiing, etc.). It is recognized that it is not possible to write a protective headgear performance standard that will result in headgear that can protect against Injury or death in all accidents. It Is also recognized that senous injury or death can result from both low and high energy impacts, even when protective headgear is worn. It is also recognized that protective headgear must be acceptable to the user and to the regulating associations or agencies requiring their use. Acknowledging these limitations, these test methods were developed using resources in medical, scientific, mechanical engineering, human factors, and biomechanical fields. These test methods incorporate many aspects of other recognized headgear performance standards. They draw from work done by others where appropriate for these test methods. These standards may be referenced. It should be noted that this standard specifies a laboratory test of completed headgear to measure Its ability to reduce head acceleration when impacting vanous shaped objects. It is known that headgear that performs well under these test methods will mitigate head injury in actual use (within its design limits). 1 Scope 1 1 These test methods describe laboratory equipment, procedures, and basic requirements pertinent to testing protective headgear Deviations or additions, or both, to these test methods will be specified, as required, in tndividual performance standard specificattons. 1.2 Requirements-The protective headgear is to be tested under specified environmental conditions for the following: 1.2. t Impact attenuation (the limiting of head accelera- tion) of the protective headgear 1.2.2 Strength of the retention system and its attachment. 1.2.3 Special tests for particular protective headgear uses will be spectfied in the individual standard specificattons to be used in conjunction with these test methods. 1 3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 These test methods incorporate or reference sections of standards from the following U.S. and foreign standards ' These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F-8 on Spotts Equipment and Facilities and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.53 on Headgear Current edition approved March I5, 1993. Published May 1993. organizations: DOT, ASTM, ANSI, Snell, E22, BSI, ASA, SP1, and CSA. 2.2 ISO/DIS Standard.•2 6220-1983 Headforms for Use in the Testing of Protective Helmets 2.3 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard: 218 S7 1.8 Motorcycle Helmets 2.4 SAE Standard.A J211 Recommended Practice for Instrumentatton for Impact Tests-Requirements for Channel Class 1000, June 1980 3 Terminology 3.1 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard. 3 1 1 basic plane-an anatomical plane that includes the superior rims of the auditory meatuses (the upper edges of the external openings of the ears) and the notches of the intenor orbital ridges (the bottom edges of the eye sockets). The ISO headfonns are marked wtth a plane corresponding to thts basic plane (see Figs. 1 and 2). z Available from American National Standards Institute, 1 I W 42nd St.. 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036. ~ Available from Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Vehicle Safety Standards, 400 7th St. S. w Washington, DC 20590. ° Available from Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Dr Warrendale, PA 15096. ~~f F 1446 1®SAGTrrN. • MIOPOINTS FIG. 1 Anatomical Planes 3.1.2 corona! plane-an anatomical plane perpendicular to both the basic and midsagitta).planes and containing the midpoint of a line connecting the superior rims of the right and left auditory meatuses. The ISO headforms are marked with a traverse plane corresponding to this coronal plane (see Figs. 1 and 2). 3 1.3 extent, of coverage-the area of the head covered by the protective headgear being tested, as measured on a reference headform.5 3 1 4 field of vision-angle of vision as measured on the reference headform (upward, downward, peripheral). 3 1.5 full-coverage (open face) helmet-a helmet that covers the entire area of the head except the face. 3 1.6 full-face helmet-a helmet that covers the entire area of the head and face except an eye opening. 3.1 7 headform size selection-helmets shall be tested on the appropriate test headform, or two sizes of the test headforms, as determined by the testing laboratory Helmets shall be tested on the largest and smallest size test headforms on which they fit. If a smaller size of the same model fits the smaller headform, the larger helmet will be tested on the larger headform only When two headform sizes are re- quired, each test set of four helmets will include at least one peripheral test, impact test, and dynamic retention test on each specified headform size. 3.1 7 1 Discussion-Fit means that it is not physically difficult to put the helmet on the larger headform and that the helmet's comfort or fit-foam is partially compressed on the smaller headform. s Available from Research &'resting Company, 1415 Pazk Ave., Hoboken, NJ 07030. CROWN MEDIAN (A1ldsaglMaQ PUNE ~ \ \ ~ I CORONAL PLANE \ ~ \ I / / / REFERENCE I PLANE ~~-----~ /~ l / ~_- sAS1c PuNE FIG. 2 ISO Headform-Basic, Reference, and Median Planes 3.1.8 headgear-see helmet. 3.1.9 helmet-a protective device worn on the head in an effort to reduce or minimize injury to that portion of the head which is within a specified area of coverage (as defined in the individual performance specification), while partici- pating in various activities where risk of head injury is recognized. 3 1 10 helmet positioning index (HPI)-the vertical dis- tance from the brow of the helmet to the basic plane, when placed on a reference headform. The size of headform and vertical distance shall be specified by the manufacturer 3 1 11 modular elastomer programmer (MEP)5-a cylin- drical shaped pad used as the impact surface for the spherical impactor The MEP is 6.0 in. (152 mm) in diameter, and 1.0 in. (25 mm) thick. It is affixed to the top surface of a flat, 0.25-in. (6.35-mm) thick aluminum plate. The durometer of the MEP is 60 t 2 Shore A. 3 1 12 midsagitta! plane-an anatomical plane perpen- dicular to the basic plane and containing the midpoint of the line connecting the notches of the right and left infenor orbital ridges, and the midpoint of the line connecting the superior rims of the right and left auditory meatus. The ISO headforms are marked with a longitudinal plane corre- sponding to this midsagitta) plane (see Figs. 1 and 2). 3 1 13 preload ballast-a "bean-bag" filled with lead shot placed on the helmet to secure its position on the headform. The weight of the preload ballast is specified in the individual standard specification. 3 1 14 projection-any part of a helmet, internal or ex- ternal, that extends beyond the faired surface and is likely to cause injury 3.1 15 reference headjormss-measuring headforms con- toured in the same configuration as the test headforms A, E, J, or M defined in ISO/DIS 6220-1983 The reference headforms shall include surface markings corresponding to the basic, coronal, midsagitta), and reference planes (see Figs. 1 and 2). 3.1 16 reference plane-a plane marked on the ISO headforms at a specified distance above and parallel to the basic plane (see Fig. 3). 3.1 17 retention system-the complete assembly that se- ~praxa ,. _.... _, -~' ~ AUDITORY MEATUSES !e INFERIOR OR81TAl NOTCHES ~~f F 1446 Y --~ ------- _T- - X REFERENCE PLANE BASK PLANET 5. Certification 5 1 These test methods permit self-certification. It is recommended that each manufacturer employ an indepen- dent test laboratory at least annually to test each model and size of protective headgear 6. Test Headforms 6.l General-The surface of a headform above the refer- ence plane is defined by ISO/DIS 6220-1983 The profile below the reference plane and the geometry of the mounting system is defined in ISO/DIS 6220-1983 Construction and materials are also specified in ISO/DIS 6220-1983 This procedure specifies four sizes of headforms-A, E, J, and M-for performing reference measurements, impact, dy- namic retention, and penetration tests. HEADFORM SIZE X Y fl 50 24 90 L' S4 26 96 J s7 27.s lo2.s ~ 60 29 107 FIG. 3 Location of Reference Line cures the helmet in a stable position on the wearer's head. 3 l 18 shield-optional equipment used in the place of goggles to protect the eyes. 3 1 19 shorty helmet-a helmet that covers the top half of the head. 3 1.20 spherical impactors-a 5 75-in. (146-mm) diam- eter aluminum sphere, weighing 4005 ± 5 g, specifically machined for mounting onto the ball-arm connector of the drop-test assembly The impactor is used for systems check of the electronic equipment (see Section 17). 3 1.21 test area-the area of the helmet above a specified test line, subject to impact or penetration testing. 3 1.22 test headjorms-test headforms defined in ISO/ DIS 6220-1983 as Size A, E, J, and M. The test headforms shall include surface markings corresponding to the basic, coronal, midsagittal, and reference planes (see Fig. 2). 3 1.23 test line-a line drawn on the helmet as specified in the individual standard specification. 3 1.24 three-quarter helmet-a helmet that covers the entire head except the ears and face. 3 1.25 visor (peak)-optional equipment for protection against sun or glare, and sometimes used as a rock or dirt deflector 4. Significance and Use 4 1 The purpose of these test methods is to provide reliable and repeatable test methods for the evaluation of various types of protective headgear Use of these test methods in conjunction with the specific individualized standard specifications should reduce the likelihood of se- rious injury and death resulting from impacts to the head sustained by individuals participating in sports, recreation, and other leisure activities in which protective headgear is worn. 7. Construction 7 1 General-The helmet shall be constructed to reduce the acceleration of the weazer's head and to remain on the weazer's head during impact. Optional devices fitted to the helmet shall be designed so that they are unlikely to cause injury in an accident. 7.2 Projections-Any internal rigid projections that can contact the weazer's head during impact shall be protected by some means of cushioning or force spreading. 7.3 Retention System-The retention system shall be designed and constructed to meet the requirements of Section 15 and any other requirements called for in the individual standazd specification. 8. Materials 8.1 Materials used in the helmet shall be durable and resistant to exposure to sun, rain, cold, dust, vibration, perspiration, and products likely to be applied to the skin or hair Materials known to cause skin irritation or disease cannot be used. Lining materials, if used, may be detachable for washing. If hydrocarbons, cleaning fluids, paints, or transfers and other additions will affect the helmet adversely, a warning shall be provided. 9 Labeling 9 1 Each helmet shall be marked in such a way that the following information is easily legible by the user and is likely to remain legible throughout the life of the helmet: 9 1 1 Model designation. 9 1.2 Name of manufacturer 9 1.3 Month and year of manufacture. 9 1 4 A label that warns the user that no helmet can protect against all possible impacts, and that for maximum protection the helmet must be fitted and attached properly to the wearer's head in accordance with the manufacturer's fitting instructions. 9 1.5 A label that warns the user that the helmet may, after receiving an impact, be damaged to the point that it is no longer adequate to protect the head against further impacts, and that this damage may not be visible to the user This label should also state that a helmet that has sustained an impact should be returned to the manufacturer for competent inspection or be destroyed and replaced. 9 1.6 A label that warns the user that the helmet can be damaged by contact with common substances (for example, ~~f F 1446 certain solvents, cleaners, hair tonics, etc.), and that this damage may or may not be visible to We user This label should also list any recommended cleaning agents or proce- dures, or both. 9 1 7 Any other warnings, cautions, or instructions speci- fied in the individual standazd specification. 9.2 Each helmet shall have accompanying fitting and positioning instructions including graphic representation of proper positioning. 10. Samples for Testing 10.1 Conditions and Attachments-Helmets shall be tested complete, in the condition as offered for sale. They must pass all tests with or without any included attachments. 10.2 Number of Samples-A test requires four samples of each shell/liner size combination. 11 Test Schedule 11 1 For each set of four samples, one helmet will be measured on the reference headform for extent-of-coverage, as specified in the individual standard specification. 11.2 One of each of the four helmets will be assigned to each of four conditioning environments specified in Section 12. 11.3 Testing must begin within 1 min after removal from the conditioning environment. The helmet must be returned to the conditioning environment within 3 min or be recon- ditioned for 5 min for each minute it is out of the conditioning environment beyond the allowed 3 min, before further testing. 12. Conditioning Environments 12.1 Ambient Condition-The first condition is the am- bient condition of the test laboratory, which shall be 17 to 23°C with a relative humidity of 25 to 75 %. The barometric pressure in all conditioning environments shall be 75 to 110 kPa. All test helmets shall be stabilized within this ambient range for a minimum of 24 h prior to further conditioning and testing. Storage or shipment within this ambient range satisfies this requirement. The ambient test helmet does not need further conditioning. 12.2 Low Temperature-The second condition is at a temperature of -13 to - I 7°C. The helmet shall be kept in this environment for 4 to 24 h prior to testing. 12.3 High Temperature-The third condition is at a temperature of 47 to 53°C. The relative humidity cannot exceed 25 %. The helmet shall be kept in this environment for 4 to 24 h prior to testing. 12.4 Water Immersion-The fourth condition is full im- mersion in potable water at a temperature of 1 S to 23°C. The helmet shall be kept in this environment for 4 to 24 h prior to testing. 13. Report 13.1 Record of Test-Maintain complete test records and test summary reports for all certification testing, whether performed by the manufacturer or an independent labora- tory The records and acceleration wave-forms/data can be stored on paper, electronically, or on photographs. An original copy of the test summary must be kept by the test laboratory, on paper, with the signature of the technician who performed the test. The test summary shall include the following information: 13 1 1 Manufacturer's name and location, 13.1.2 Model and size of each helmet in the set of four test helmeu, 13.1.3 Identifying code for each helmet in each environ- mental condition, 13.1 4 Observed temperatures in each conditioning envi- ronment, and the relative humidity and temperature of the laboratory, 13 1.5 Performance impact results in sequence stating the location of impact, type of anvil used, velocity prior to impact, and maximum acceleration, 13.1.6 Parameters and measured results of the retention tests, 13.1 7 Name and location of the test laboratory, 13.1.8 Signature of the technician who performed the test, 13.1 9 Date of the test, 13 1 10 Calibration test results, and 13 1 11 Other data required by the individual standard specifications. 14, Reference Marking and Peripheral Vision 14 1 A reference headform mounted with the basic plane horizontal shall be used for reference marking. The helmet to be tested shall be placed on a reference headform the same size as the test headform to be used. The helmet shall be centered laterally and seated firmly on the reference headform with the preload ballast on the helmet, then positioned according to the HPI. The test line and 50-mm impact centerline (see 18.2) shall be drawn on the helmet. 14.2 Peripheral vision is measured horizontally to each side of the midsagittal plane through the point K (see Fig. 4). The vision shall be unobstructed through a minimum of 105° on either side of the midsagittal plane from point K. 15. Dynamic Strength Retention Test 1 S 1 Summary of Test Method-A falling mass delivers an impact load to the retention system. The mass, velocity, and allowable elongation are specified in the individual standard specification. See Fig. 5 for a typical test apparatus set-up.s 15.2 Procedure-Place the helmet on the designated headform. Fasten the strap of the retention system under a stirrup that approximates the shape of the bone structure of the lower jaw This stirrup shall consist of two metal bars each with a diameter of 12.5 t 0.5 mm that have a center distance of 76.0 t 1 mm. The entire dynamic test apparatus hangs freely on the retention system. The entire mass of the support assembly, excluding drop weight, must be at least Z kg, and not more than 8 kg. Place the preload ballast on the helmet, then raise the striker to the drop height. AUow the striker to drop and impact the stop anvil. Measure elonga- tion of the retention system in terms of vertical displacement of the dynamic test apparatus measured between the before- drop position and the maximum. Preload weight, mass of the striker, drop height, and allowable displacement are specified in the performance standazd. 16. Impact Test Instruments and Equipment 16.1 Measurement of Impact Attenuation-Acceleration ~~) F 1446 ~NE~ HEL4ET P09nONED \ ON HEADrORM / / /~ CHINSTRAP FlXTURE 1 ELECTRDNIC asPLACEUO+T TRANSDUGTiR (oPnONAL) PENCIL RECORDS TOTAL EXTEN40N (OPnONAL)~ Centrd vertical axis 105° j I L,I 31 mm I Reterence plane L _ _ cross _sectlon r---- Front ~~ projection o edges of dihedral L, angle 0: I I 105° ( I 31 mm I Basic plane - K _ _ QOSS _SeCt10n Front j`~ projection of edges of dfiedral 14 angle FIG. 4 Fieid of Vision -s measured by an acceleration transducer in the headform. The individual standard specification specifies maximum allowable acceleration. Place the helmet on the headform and position according to the manufacturer's HPI. Drop the helmet and headform in a guided free-fall via a guide wire, monorail, or other apparatus upon a steel anvil fixed on a rigid base (see Fig. 6). 16.2 Mount the acceleration transducer at the center of gravity of the test headform with the sensitive axis aligned within 5° of vertical. The acceleration data channel complies with SAE Recommended Practice J211 (A low pass filter having afour-pole Butterworth transfer function and a corner frequency of 1650 Hz meets this requirement.) Digital filtering at 1650 Hz can be substituted. 16.3 The weight of the drop assembly (which is the combined weight of the instrumented test headform and supporting assembly, exclusive of the test helmet) for the drop test shall be 5 t 0.1 kg. The weight of the supporting assembly cannot exceed 1 1 kg. The weight of the support assembly is the weight of the drop assembly minus the weight of the headform, ball clamp, ball clamp bolts, and afxeler- ometer The center of gravity of the headform shall be at the center of the mounting ball. The center of gravity of the combined test headform and supporting assembly must meet FMVSS 218 S7 1.8 with any type of guide system (see Appendix X 1). 16.4 The anvils for testing are specified in the individual standard specifications. The flat anvil shall be of steel with an OROP `AfIOiT WIDE BAR ~ z STOP ANNL ATTACHED TO Q WIDE BAR FIG. 5 Apparetus for Test of Retention System Strength and Extension impact face having a minimum diameter of 125 mm and a minimum thickness of 24 mm, and the hemispherical anvil shall be constructed of steel with a 48-mm radius impact face. 16.5 The triangular hazard anvil (see Fig. 7) shall be constructed of steel, at least 200 mm long, with two 50-mm faces forming a 90° angle. The apex of the angle faces upward. The apex of the 90° angle is radiused 0.5 to 1.5 mm. The cylindrical anvil is a round bar, 48 to 52 mm in diameter, at least 205 mm long. Other anvils may be required by and described within the individual standard specification. 17 Instrument System Check 17 1 The instrumentation of the system shall be checked before and after each series of tests by dropping the spherical impactor (see 3.1.20) onto the MEP pad (see 3 1 11) at an impact velocity of 544 m/s. The resultant peak acceleration obtained during this impact should be 389 t 6 g. Three such impacts shall be performed before and after each series of tests. If the peak acceleration obtained in the pre-test impacts differs by more than 5 % from the peak acceleration ob- tained in the post-test impacts, recalibration of the instru- ments and transducers is required and all data obtained during that series of helmet tests should be discarded. 18. Impact Attenuation Test 18.1 Acceptable Acceleration Levels-The maximum ac- q~) F 1446 ~/ I~ ~ ~ ~~~ y ~ -~o `'sal ~~~~~ celeration measured dunng impact cannot exceed the limit specified in the individual standard specification. 18.2 Impact Sites-Each helmet shall be impacted at four sites. The center of impact shall be at least 50 mm (arc width) above any point on the test line, and at least one-fifth of the maximum circumference of the helmet from any prior impact center As many different anvils (called for in the individual standard specification) as possible shall be used on each helmet. All anvils called for in the individual standard specification shall be used within a given test set of helmets. Any anvil may be used at any site (unless otherwise noted by the individual standard specification). Additional impact sites may be designated by the individual standard specifica- tion. 18.3 Velocity-The theoretical drop heights (assuming 9.80665 m/sz, acceleration rate) and impact velocities for impact testing are specified in the •individual standard specifications. ,- 18.4 Impact velocity shall be measured during the last 40 mm of free-fall for each test and shall be within the limits specified in the individual standard specification. 18.5 Prior to each test, position the helmet on the test headform as positioned on the reference headfonn in l4 1 The helmet shall be secured so that it does not shift position prior to impact. During impact testing the retention system ~\ shall be secured in a manner that does not interfere with free-fall or impact. 19 Penetration Test 19 1 Perform the penetration test, if required by the individual standard specification, as follows: 19 1 1 Place the penetration test headfonn and support assembly on a support platform with a steel plate surface 24 mm thick and 0.4 m2 in area. The support assembly can be positioned with the ball arm at 30 or 60° The centerline of the ball does not have to align with the vertical centerline of the striker 19 1.2 Contact between the headform and the striker can be measured electronically or by covering the headform with soft aluminum tape (which registers an impression from the striker). 19 1.3 A striker shall be guided in a vertical tube. The striker weight, geometry, and drop height, and the diameter of the guide tube, are specified in the individual standard specification. 19 1 4 Position the helmet on the headfonn according to Section 14, and position the headform so that the striker will hit the helmet in the test area. 19 1.5 Raise the striker to the specified height, then drop onto the helmet. 19 l 6. The point of the striker shall not make contact with the headfonn. 20. Keywords 20 1 individual standard specification, protective head- gear FIG. 6 Typical Impact Test Apparatus FIG. 7 Triangular Hazard Anvil a ~~') F 1446 APPENDIX (Nonmandatory Information) Xl HEADFORM CENTER OF GRAVITY6 X 1 1 "S7 1.8 The center of gravity of the test headform is located at the center of the mounting ball on the supporting assembly and ltes wtthin a cone with its axis vertical, and forming a 10° included angle with the vertex at the point of impact. The center of gravity of the drop assembly lies with the rectangular volume bounded by x = -0.25 in. (-0.64 cm), x = 0 85 in. (2.16 cm), y = 0.25 in. (0.64 cm), and y = -0.25 in. (-0.64 cm) with the origin located at the center of gravity of the test headform. The rectangular volume has no boundary along the z-axis. The x-y-z axes are mutually perpendicular and have positive or negative designattons in accordance with the right-hand rule (see Fig. 5).' The origin ^ This appendix is taken from FMVSS 218 (revised April 6, 1988), S7 1.8 and S719 ' Obtain FMVSS 218 in its entirety to reference Figs. 5, 6. 7, and 8. of the coordinate axes also is located at the center of the mounting ball on the supporting assembly (see Figs. 6, 7, and 8).' The x-y-z axes of the test headform assembly on a monorail drop test equipment are oriented as follows: From the origin, the x-axis is horizontal with its positive direction going toward and passing through the vertical centerline of the monorail. The positive z-axis is downward. The y-axis also is horizontal and its direction can be decided by the z and x-axes, using the right-hand rule." X 1.2 "S7 1.9 The acceleration transducer is mounted at the center of gravity of the test headform with the sensitive axis aligned to within 5° of vertical when the test headform assembly is in the impact position. The acceleration data channel complies with SAE Recommended Practice J211 JUN 80, Instrumentation for Impact Tests, Requirements for Channel Class 1,000." The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the velidlty of any pefent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of in/ringement of such rights, are .entirely their own responsibility. This standard is sub%ect to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every live years and it not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revlsion of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careluf consideration et a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend. Il you /eel that your comments have not received a /air hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, t916 Aace St., Philadelphia, PA 19103.